Abstract
This study examines the theoretical and practical implications of Ghana’s 24-Hour Economy policy on New Public Management (NPM) implementation within the context of developing nation administrative reform. Through critical analysis of policy documents, theoretical frameworks, and empirical evidence, this research demonstrates how Ghana’s innovative economic transformation strategy creates unprecedented opportunities for advancing NPM principles of efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability in public service delivery. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining policy analysis with institutional theory to assess the transformative potential of continuous operations on traditional bureaucratic structures. Findings reveal that the 24-hour economy framework offers a unique pathway for reconciling market-oriented public administration reforms with the developmental state imperatives characteristic of sub-Saharan African governance systems. The research contributes to the broader discourse on public sector modernization in developing economies while providing empirical insights into the nexus between economic policy innovation and administrative transformation.
Keywords: New Public Management, 24-hour economy, public sector reform, administrative efficiency, governance transformation, developing nations
Introduction
The changing circumstances of the public administration in developing countries give specific challenges and opportunities for the implementation of market-oriented reforms into the traditional system of bureaucracy. The use of the 24-Hour Economy is a paradigmatic shift in Ghana, which starts its realization in July 2025 and downplays the traditional directions of economic progress and traditional approaches to realizing the services of the state power structure, going beyond the understanding of this concept. The policy innovation presents an interesting case study in discussing the potential of the economic transformation initiatives to act as a catalyst in improving New Public Management (NPM) principles in the governance systems of developing nations.
The theoretical introductions to this development rest on the possibility that it might help explain the disconnection that has always existed between NPM reform and institutional realities in the post-colonial African states. Although the principles of NPM have found enormous adoption in most of the developed economies, implementation of NPM in developing countries has met opposition based on their lack of institutional capacity, cultural aspects, and the existence of traditional forms of administration parameters. The 24-Hour Economy policy of Ghana provides a revolutionary solution to this problem through enshrining in the spirit of its comprehensive approach to economic transformation, Public Management concepts as the central element in tackling not only the necessity of efficiency but also developmental priorities.
The paper presents the scholarly discussion of the issue of public administration improvement, which examines the capacity of the innovative policy that Ghana uses to generate synergies between economic development and administrative modernization. By means of a methodical analysis of the theoretical background of the policy, implementation means of the policy as well as the results that can be obtained with the implementation of such a policy, this research throws some light on the transformational prospects of combined approach to economic and administrative infrastructural reform within the context of a practice in the developing countries.
Theoretical Framework and Literature Review
New Public Management: Theoretical Foundations and Critiques
The New Public Management paradigm emerged as a response to the perceived inefficiencies and rigidities of traditional Weberian bureaucracy, advocating for the adoption of private sector management principles within public administration. Hood’s (1991) seminal work identified seven core doctrines of NPM: hands-on professional management, explicit standards and measures of performance, greater emphasis on output controls, shift to disaggregation of units, greater competition in the public sector, stress on private sector styles of management practice, and greater discipline and parsimony in resource use.
The theoretical foundations of NPM draw heavily from public choice theory, principal-agent theory, and transaction cost economics. These theoretical underpinnings emphasize the importance of market mechanisms, performance incentives, and customer-oriented service delivery in enhancing public sector efficiency and effectiveness. However, the application of NPM principles in developing nation contexts has generated significant scholarly debate regarding their appropriateness and effectiveness.
Critics of NPM implementation in developing countries argue that the paradigm’s emphasis on market mechanisms may be incompatible with the developmental state functions required in post-colonial societies. Larbi (1999) and Olowu (1999) have highlighted the challenges of implementing NPM reforms in African contexts, noting that institutional capacity constraints, resource limitations, and cultural factors can impede the successful adoption of market-oriented approaches. These critiques suggest the need for contextually sensitive approaches to NPM implementation that accommodate the unique characteristics of developing nation governance systems.
Public Sector Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa
Public sector reform initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa have evolved through several phases, reflecting changing paradigms in development theory and practice. The structural adjustment programs of the 1980s and 1990s emphasized state retrenchment and market liberalization, while subsequent reforms have focused on governance improvements and institutional capacity building. The World Bank’s governance agenda has particularly influenced reform trajectories, emphasizing transparency, accountability, and service delivery improvements.
Ghana’s public sector reform journey exemplifies these broader continental trends while demonstrating unique innovations in reform design and implementation. The establishment of specialized reform institutions, including the Public Sector Reform Secretariat and the National Development Planning Commission, reflects the government’s commitment to systematic administrative modernization. However, challenges persist in translating reform objectives into tangible improvements in service delivery and citizen satisfaction.
Recent scholarship has emphasized the importance of contextually grounded reform approaches that recognize the specific institutional, cultural, and economic conditions of African states. Andrews (2013) advocates for problem-driven iterative adaptation (PDIA) as an alternative to conventional reform approaches, emphasizing the need for locally owned solutions that build on existing institutional strengths. This perspective suggests that successful NPM implementation in African contexts requires creative adaptation of reform principles to local conditions and priorities.
Economic Policy and Administrative Transformation
The relationship between economic policy and administrative transformation has received increasing attention in public administration scholarship. Economic policies that restructure production systems, employment patterns, and sectoral relationships often create cascading effects on administrative structures and processes. The 24-hour economy concept, while relatively novel in comprehensive policy implementation, draws on established theoretical frameworks in industrial organization and urban economics.
Agglomeration theory and industrial clustering literature provide insights into how extended operating hours can generate positive externalities and productivity gains. Marshall’s (1890) analysis of industrial districts and subsequent developments in new economic geography emphasize the importance of temporal coordination and continuous operations in enhancing economic efficiency. These theoretical insights suggest that 24-hour operations can generate both economic and administrative benefits through improved resource utilization and enhanced coordination mechanisms.
The administrative implications of extended operating hours have been explored in the context of service sector organizations and emergency services. Shift work systems, while presenting challenges for human resource management, can enable more efficient utilization of capital assets and improved service accessibility. However, the comprehensive application of 24-hour operations to entire public sector systems represents a novel policy innovation that requires careful theoretical and empirical analysis.
Ghana’s 24-Hour Economy Policy: Design and Implementation
Policy Genesis and Strategic Objectives
Ghana’s 24-Hour Economy policy emerged from extensive consultations and policy analysis aimed at addressing structural constraints in the national economy, with official implementation beginning on July 1, 2025, and formal launch on July 2, 2025. The policy represents a comprehensive economic transformation strategy that extends beyond traditional industrial policy to encompass fundamental changes in work organization, service delivery, and institutional operations.
The policy framework establishes a systematic approach to encouraging and supporting businesses and public organizations to operate 24/7 in three shifts of eight hours each, with the explicit objective of boosting production, promoting productivity, and generating well-paying jobs. This strategic design reflects a sophisticated understanding of production economics and labor market dynamics, recognizing that extended operating hours can generate multiplicative effects on economic output and employment creation.
The policy’s ambitious target of creating 1.7 million quality jobs within four years demonstrates the government’s commitment to addressing unemployment challenges while simultaneously transforming the structure of the national economy. This quantitative objective provides a measurable framework for assessing policy effectiveness while establishing clear performance benchmarks for implementation agencies.
Sectoral Focus and Strategic Priorities
The policy’s sectoral focus reflects careful analysis of Ghana’s competitive advantages and development priorities. The emphasis on strategic value chains in agriculture, manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, textiles, infrastructure, and logistics demonstrates recognition of these sectors’ potential for job creation and economic transformation. This sectoral approach enables targeted resource allocation and specialized support mechanisms tailored to specific industry requirements.
The integration of both private and public sector operations within the policy framework represents a sophisticated understanding of the interconnections between economic production and administrative support systems. Public sector agencies must adapt their regulatory frameworks, service delivery mechanisms, and oversight functions to support continuous economic activity while maintaining quality standards and regulatory compliance.
Implementation Architecture and Governance Mechanisms
The policy’s implementation architecture reflects principles of coordinated governance and multi-level administration. The establishment of specialized implementation units within key ministries and agencies demonstrates a commitment to systematic policy execution while ensuring adequate coordination across government entities. This implementation approach recognizes the complexity of transforming both economic structures and administrative systems simultaneously.
The governance mechanisms established for policy implementation include performance monitoring systems, inter-agency coordination platforms, and stakeholder engagement frameworks. These mechanisms reflect NPM principles of performance management and accountability while accommodating the collaborative requirements of comprehensive policy implementation.
NPM Principles and the 24-Hour Economy Framework
Efficiency Enhancement Through Operational Optimization
The 24-hour economy policy creates unprecedented opportunities for enhancing public sector efficiency through optimal resource utilization and systematic elimination of idle capacity. The introduction of three-shift operations enables public organizations to maximize the productive use of physical infrastructure, technological systems, and human resources while distributing operational costs across extended time periods. This approach represents a fundamental departure from traditional public sector operations that often experience significant periods of underutilization.
The efficiency gains generated through extended operations extend beyond simple resource utilization to encompass systemic improvements in organizational performance. By operating continuously, public agencies can implement more sophisticated performance measurement systems that capture productivity variations across different time periods and operational contexts. This enhanced measurement capability enables evidence-based optimization of resource allocation and performance management strategies.
The policy’s emphasis on shift-based operations also creates opportunities for implementing specialized service delivery models that optimize efficiency for specific citizen segments and service categories. Public organizations can allocate specialized staff and resources to particular service areas during optimal time periods, reducing processing times and improving overall service quality. This differentiated approach supports NPM’s emphasis on customer segmentation and tailored service delivery while maximizing operational efficiency.
Effectiveness Through Enhanced Service Accessibility and Responsiveness
The 24-hour economy policy fundamentally transforms the effectiveness of public service delivery by eliminating temporal constraints that have traditionally limited citizen access to government services. The extension of operating hours enables citizens and businesses to access public services at their convenience, reducing opportunity costs and improving overall service utilization. This enhanced accessibility is particularly significant for working individuals, small business owners, and entrepreneurs who may experience difficulties accessing government services during traditional operating hours.
The policy’s emphasis on continuous operations enables public agencies to implement more responsive service delivery models that can adapt to varying demand patterns and urgent citizen needs. Emergency services, regulatory approvals, and business support services can be provided around the clock, reducing delays and improving overall service quality. This responsiveness capability aligns with NPM’s customer-focused approach while contributing to improved citizen satisfaction and business environment quality.
The extended operating hours also enable public organizations to implement more sophisticated service delivery models that accommodate diverse citizen preferences and requirements. By spreading service demand across multiple shifts, agencies can provide more personalized attention to individual cases while maintaining overall service quality standards. This enhanced service personalization supports NPM’s emphasis on customer satisfaction and service quality improvement.
Accountability Through Enhanced Performance Measurement and Transparency
The 24-hour economy policy creates new opportunities for implementing comprehensive accountability mechanisms that align with NPM principles of transparency and performance-based management. The shift system enables continuous monitoring and evaluation of service delivery performance, providing real-time data on service quality, response times, and citizen satisfaction. This continuous monitoring capability supports evidence-based decision-making and enables rapid identification and correction of performance problems.
The policy’s emphasis on measurable outcomes, including specific employment creation targets and economic growth objectives, necessitates the development of sophisticated performance measurement systems that can track progress across multiple dimensions and time periods. Public agencies must establish clear performance indicators, monitoring mechanisms, and reporting systems that provide comprehensive assessments of policy implementation effectiveness. This focus on measurable results aligns with NPM’s emphasis on output controls and performance-based management.
The extended operating hours also create opportunities for enhanced citizen engagement and feedback mechanisms that support accountability improvements. By providing multiple touchpoints for citizen interaction across different time periods, public agencies can gather more comprehensive feedback on service quality and identify areas for improvement. This enhanced feedback capability supports NPM’s emphasis on customer satisfaction and continuous improvement while strengthening democratic accountability mechanisms.
Empirical Analysis and Implementation Challenges
Human Resource Management and Organizational Development
The successful implementation of the 24-hour economy policy requires a fundamental transformation of human resource management practices within public sector organizations. The shift system necessitates substantial workforce expansion, specialized training programs, and modified compensation structures that can support extended operating hours while maintaining service quality standards. This transformation represents one of the most significant challenges in policy implementation while offering opportunities for advancing NPM principles of professional management and performance-based compensation.
The policy’s success depends critically on the availability of skilled personnel across all operational shifts, requiring comprehensive investment in training and capacity-building programs. Public organizations must develop standardized procedures, quality control mechanisms, and supervision systems that ensure consistent service delivery across all operating periods. This standardization requirement aligns with NPM’s emphasis on professional management while presenting significant implementation challenges in contexts where skilled personnel may be scarce.
The introduction of shift-based operations also creates opportunities for implementing more sophisticated performance management systems that can differentiate between individual and team performance across different operational contexts. Public sector managers can utilize performance data to identify best practices, optimize resource allocation, and implement continuous improvement strategies that enhance overall organizational effectiveness.
Technological Infrastructure and Digital Transformation
The implementation of comprehensive 24-hour operations requires significant investment in technological infrastructure and digital transformation initiatives that can support continuous service delivery. Public agencies must upgrade their information systems, communication networks, and service delivery platforms to ensure seamless operation across multiple shifts while maintaining security and reliability standards. This technological transformation supports NPM’s emphasis on efficiency and effectiveness while requiring substantial capital investment and technical expertise.
The policy’s implementation also necessitates the development of integrated digital platforms that can support both internal coordination and external service delivery functions. These platforms must accommodate multiple user categories, service types, and operational contexts while maintaining user-friendly interfaces and reliable performance. The development of these digital capabilities represents a significant opportunity for advancing NPM principles of customer-focused service delivery and operational efficiency.
The technological requirements for 24-hour operations also create opportunities for implementing automated service delivery systems that can reduce labor costs while improving service consistency and reliability. Public organizations can utilize artificial intelligence, machine learning, and process automation technologies to handle routine service requests while freeing skilled personnel for more complex tasks. This technological optimization supports NPM’s emphasis on efficiency and innovation while requiring careful management of implementation risks.
Coordination and Integration Challenges
The comprehensive nature of the 24-hour economy policy requires enhanced coordination and integration across different government agencies, levels of government, and stakeholder groups. The policy’s cross-sectoral focus necessitates the development of integrated service delivery mechanisms that ensure seamless coordination between agencies operating on different schedules and serving different client populations. This coordination challenge aligns with NPM’s emphasis on joined-up government while presenting significant implementation complexity.
The policy’s implementation requires the establishment of sophisticated coordination mechanisms that can manage interdependencies between different government agencies and ensure consistent policy implementation across different sectors and geographic areas. These coordination mechanisms must accommodate varying operational schedules, service requirements, and performance standards while maintaining overall policy coherence and effectiveness.
The multi-stakeholder nature of the policy also requires the development of collaborative frameworks that enable effective coordination between public agencies, private sector entities, civil society organizations, and international partners. These collaborative arrangements must balance the need for coordination with appropriate oversight and regulatory functions while supporting NPM’s emphasis on partnerships and collaborative governance.
Theoretical Implications and Conceptual Contributions
Reconceptualizing NPM in Developing Nation Contexts
Ghana’s 24-hour economy policy offers important theoretical insights into the adaptation of NPM principles within developing nation contexts. The policy demonstrates how economic transformation strategies can serve as vehicles for advancing public sector reform while addressing the developmental imperatives that characterize post-colonial African states. This approach suggests that NPM implementation in developing countries may be more successful when embedded within comprehensive economic transformation frameworks rather than implemented as standalone administrative reforms.
The policy’s emphasis on continuous operations and performance measurement provides a novel approach to resolving the tension between market-oriented efficiency improvements and developmental state functions. By extending operating hours and implementing systematic performance measurement, public agencies can enhance their efficiency and effectiveness while maintaining their capacity to support economic development objectives. This synthesis suggests new possibilities for NPM implementation that accommodate both efficiency and developmental imperatives.
The integration of economic and administrative objectives within a unified policy framework also provides insights into the potential for holistic reform approaches that address multiple governance challenges simultaneously. Rather than pursuing separate tracks for economic policy and administrative reform, Ghana’s approach suggests that integrated strategies may be more effective in achieving comprehensive transformation objectives.
Innovation in Public Service Delivery Models
The 24-hour economy policy represents a significant innovation in public service delivery models that extends beyond traditional NPM approaches to encompass temporal optimization and continuous service provision. This innovation suggests new possibilities for enhancing public service accessibility and responsiveness while maintaining efficiency and quality standards. The policy’s emphasis on shift-based operations and extended service hours provides a template for other developing nations seeking to modernize their public service delivery systems.
The policy’s approach to service delivery optimization also demonstrates how technological innovation can be integrated with organizational reform to achieve multiplicative improvements in service quality and efficiency. The combination of extended operating hours, digital service platforms, and performance measurement systems creates a comprehensive service delivery model that addresses multiple dimensions of public service quality simultaneously.
The citizen-centered approach embedded within the policy framework also provides insights into how public service delivery models can be designed to accommodate diverse citizen preferences and requirements. By providing multiple service channels, extended operating hours, and flexible service delivery options, the policy creates a more inclusive and accessible public service system that supports democratic participation and citizen engagement.
Governance Innovation and Institutional Development
The comprehensive nature of the 24-hour economy policy requires innovative approaches to governance and institutional development that extend beyond traditional public administration frameworks. The policy’s multi-sectoral focus and integrated implementation approach necessitate the development of new governance mechanisms that can coordinate across different agencies, levels of government, and stakeholder groups while maintaining overall policy coherence.
The policy’s emphasis on performance measurement and accountability also contributes to broader theoretical discussions about governance innovation in developing nation contexts. The establishment of comprehensive performance measurement systems and accountability mechanisms provides insights into how developing nations can strengthen their governance systems while pursuing economic transformation objectives.
The collaborative approach embedded within the policy framework also suggests new possibilities for multi-stakeholder governance arrangements that can leverage the resources and expertise of different stakeholder groups while maintaining appropriate oversight and accountability mechanisms. This collaborative approach provides a model for other developing nations seeking to enhance their governance capacity through partnership and collaboration.
Policy Recommendations and Strategic Implications
Institutional Capacity Building and Organizational Development
The successful implementation of NPM principles within the 24-hour economy framework requires comprehensive institutional capacity building that addresses both technical and managerial capabilities. Public sector organizations must develop sophisticated management systems, quality assurance mechanisms, and performance monitoring capabilities that can support extended operations while maintaining service quality standards. This capacity building should emphasize the development of professional management capabilities, performance measurement expertise, and customer service orientation.
The capacity-building program should also focus on developing leadership capabilities that can manage complex organizational transformations while maintaining employee motivation and performance standards. Public sector leaders must be equipped with the knowledge and skills necessary to implement NPM principles effectively within the context of extended operations and increased performance expectations.
The institutional development process should also emphasize the importance of organizational culture change that supports customer-focused service delivery, performance excellence, and continuous improvement. This cultural transformation requires systematic attention to employee engagement, training and development, and performance recognition systems that reinforce desired behaviors and outcomes.
Technology Integration and Digital Transformation
The successful implementation of the 24-hour economy policy requires strategic investment in technology infrastructure and digital transformation initiatives that can support continuous operations while enhancing service delivery quality and efficiency. Public agencies should prioritize the development of integrated digital platforms that can support both internal coordination and external service delivery functions while maintaining security and reliability standards.
The technology integration strategy should also emphasize the importance of user-centered design principles that ensure digital platforms are accessible, intuitive, and responsive to citizens’ needs and preferences. This user-centered approach supports NPM’s emphasis on customer satisfaction while ensuring that technological investments generate tangible improvements in service delivery quality.
The digital transformation process should also include comprehensive training and support programs that enable public sector employees to effectively utilize new technologies while maintaining their focus on service quality and customer satisfaction. This training component is essential for ensuring that technological investments translate into improved service delivery outcomes.
Performance Management and Accountability Systems
The implementation of comprehensive performance management and accountability systems is essential for realizing the NPM potential of the 24-hour economy policy. These systems should include clear performance indicators, regular monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, and transparent reporting procedures that enable continuous improvement and accountability enhancement. The performance management system should also include appropriate incentives and recognition mechanisms that motivate high performance while supporting employee development and satisfaction.
The accountability system should also emphasize the importance of citizen engagement and feedback mechanisms that provide ongoing input into service delivery quality and improvement opportunities. This citizen engagement component supports NPM’s emphasis on customer satisfaction while strengthening democratic accountability and participation.
The performance management system should also include mechanisms for sharing best practices and lessons learned across different agencies and operational contexts. This knowledge-sharing capability supports continuous improvement and innovation while ensuring that successful practices are disseminated throughout the public sector system.
Conclusion and Future Research Directions
Ghana’s 24-Hour Economy policy represents a paradigmatic innovation in public sector reform that offers significant opportunities for advancing New Public Management principles within developing nation contexts. The policy’s comprehensive approach to economic transformation and administrative modernization provides a novel framework for addressing the challenges of NPM implementation in post-colonial African states while achieving tangible improvements in efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability.
The theoretical significance of this policy innovation extends beyond its immediate implementation context to provide insights into the potential for integrated reform approaches that address multiple governance challenges simultaneously. The policy demonstrates how economic transformation strategies can serve as catalysts for administrative modernization while accommodating the developmental imperatives that characterize developing nation governance systems.
The empirical findings from this analysis suggest that the successful implementation of the 24-hour economy policy requires comprehensive attention to institutional capacity building, technological infrastructure development, and performance management systems. These implementation requirements align with NPM principles while presenting significant challenges that require sustained political commitment and adequate resource allocation.
Future research should focus on empirical evaluation of policy implementation outcomes, comparative analysis of similar initiatives in other developing nations, and theoretical development of integrated reform approaches that combine economic and administrative transformation strategies. Longitudinal studies of policy implementation will be particularly valuable for understanding the long-term effects of this innovative approach to public sector reform.
The lessons learned from Ghana’s experience with the 24-hour economy policy will contribute to a broader theoretical and practical understanding of NPM implementation in developing nation contexts while providing insights into the potential for innovative approaches to public sector modernization. As Ghana continues to implement this transformative policy, the international development community will benefit from a systematic analysis of implementation experiences and outcomes.
This research contributes to the scholarly discourse on public administration reform by demonstrating how innovative policy approaches can create synergies between economic development and administrative modernization. The findings suggest that developing nations may achieve greater success in NPM implementation by embedding reform principles within comprehensive economic transformation frameworks rather than pursuing standalone administrative reforms.
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